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However, the model was hemispherical and ignored the anatomical structure of head, which might lead to unreal current density distribution 13. The phantom included four layers for skin, skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma and demonstrated accurate modelling of the resistivity of skull. constructed a four-shell diffusion phantom of the head for EIT using agar gel thickened saline of different concentrations, wherein they used a volume conductive film between shells to prevent ion transfer.
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The tank was successfully used in time difference and frequency difference EIT research, but the tank using dead skull tissue tended to overestimate the resistivity 8. The group also produced a head tank by employing a real human skull and a marrow or giant zucchini imitating the skin.
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Therefore, how to properly model the inhomogeneity is a critical issue for accurately building an EIT head phantom.
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The resistivity of a specific skull section was thus determined by the percentage on thickness of diploe (PTD) and the resistivity distribution of the entire skull presented as spatially inhomogeneous owing to variations in PTD throughout the skull 11. As demonstrated by previous studies, the skull can be anatomically divided into distinct layers, including the top and bottom layers of compact bone with high resistivity and the middle layer of diploe with relatively low resistivity 9, 10. However, due to the sophisticated anatomical geometry and complex resistivity distribution of the human head, constructing an accurate phantom for EIT research remains significantly challenging, especially for skull modelling. Therefore, to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results of phantom experiments, there is a clear need for a realistic phantom that mimics the real geometry and resistivity distribution of the human head as closely as possible.
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By bridging between computer-based simulations and clinical measurements, studies in phantoms could systematically investigate the performance of the developed data-acquisition system, reconstruction algorithms, and imaging software 6, 7, 8 and subsequently provide reasonable information for further optimization or experiments. In general, in the process of brain EIT studies, phantom experiments are an important step for testing during the development of new hardware or imaging algorithms. EIT has promising value in applications detecting or monitoring cerebral haemorrhage 2, cerebral ischaemia 3, brain oedema 4 and other critical diseases of the head 1, 5 given its non-invasive nature, lack of radiation, functional imaging, and ability for real-time monitoring. This paper provides a standardized, efficient and reproducible method for the construction of a head phantom for EIT that could be easily adapted to other conditions for manufacturing head phantoms for brain function research, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) and electroencephalography (EEG).Įlectrical impedance tomography (EIT) seeks to reconstruct the changes in impedance distribution within tissues caused by related physiological and pathological activities using the data from injecting a set of currents into the body through surface electrodes and measuring the boundary voltages 1. The validation results demonstrated that the resistivity of the phantom was in good agreement with that of human tissue and was stable over time, and the new phantom performed well in EIT imaging. The entire phantom was composed of saline skin, a 3D-printed skull, saline cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and 3D-printed brain parenchyma. The skull model was constructed by simultaneously printing the distinct layers inside the skull with resistivity-controllable printing materials. In this paper, we designed and fabricated a novel head phantom with anatomically realistic geometry and continuously varying skull resistivity distribution based on 3D printing techniques. However, due to the sophisticated anatomical geometry and complex resistivity distribution of the human head, constructing an accurate phantom for EIT research remains challenging, especially for skull modelling. Phantom experiments are an important step for testing during the development of new hardware or imaging algorithms for head electrical impedance tomography (EIT) studies.